Esta es la conclusión fundamental a la que llega el Abogado General del TJUE, Manuel Campos Sánchez-Bordona, en sus conclusiones presentadas el 6 de febrero de 2020 en el asunto Brompton (C‑833/18); que las famosas bicicletas no son una obra protegible por el derecho de autor.
De esta manera, el Abogado General sugiere al TJUE que falle en el sentido de entender que:
«1º.- Los artículos 2 a 5 de la Directiva 2001/29/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 22 de mayo de 2001, relativa a la armonización de determinados aspectos de los derechos de autor y derechos afines a los derechos de autor en la sociedad de la información, no protegen con derechos de autor las creaciones de productos con aplicación industrial cuya forma esté determinada exclusivamente por su función técnica.
2º.- Para dilucidar si las características concretas de la forma de un producto están dictadas exclusivamente por su función técnica, el juez competente ha de tener en cuenta todas las circunstancias objetivas pertinentes de cada asunto, incluidas la existencia de una patente o un modelo anteriores sobre ese mismo producto, la eficacia de la forma para obtener el resultado técnico y la voluntad de conseguirlo.
3º.- Cuando la función técnica sea el único factor determinante de la apariencia del producto, resulta irrelevante que existan otras formas alternativas. Puede ser relevante, por el contrario, que la forma elegida incorpore elementos no funcionales importantes, que obedezcan a una elección libre de su autor.»
El asunto se enmarca en un litigio entre el creador de la bicicleta y empresa que lleva el mismo nombre y dos empresas que han comercializado modelos iguales bajo su propia marca y empresa (Chedech / Get2Get).
Brompton Ltd. registró una patente sobre el mecanismo de plegado de la bicicleta (caracterizada por adoptar tres posiciones: desplegada, «stand by» y plegada), patente que, más tarde, pasó a ser de dominio público. En ese momento, la sociedad coreana GET2GET, especializada en la producción de equipos deportivos, comenzó a producir y comercializar una bicicleta plegable (Chedech) que tiene también tres posiciones, de apariencia similar a la bicicleta Brompton.
El dueño de Brompton entiende que tiene derechos derechos de autor sobre la apariencia de su bicicleta y que, como quiera que en tal caso la protección que la normativa de propiedad intelectual concede estaría vigente, la marca coreana debió de haberle solicitado una cesión o contrato de licencia para su explotación, cosa que no ocurrió, explotando sus derechos patrimoniales sin su consentimiento.
El asunto se planteó ante el Tribunal de l’entreprise de Liège (Tribunal de empresas de Lieja, Bélgica) que elevó una cuestión prejudicial al TJUE y que, por el momento, el Abogado General parece inclinar a favor de la empresa coreana.
Imagen: Brompton
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