El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea («JTUE») ha resuelto, en el asunto Marc Brogsitter c. Fabrication de Montres Normandes EURL et al. (C-548/12), que las acciones de responsabilidad civil de carácter extracontractual (competencia desleal) se entienden incluidas en materia contractual a los efectos del art. 5.1 del Reglamento 44/2001 (y, por tanto, del 7.1 RBI bis) siempre que el comportamiento imputado pueda considerarse un incumplimiento de ls obligaciones contractuales (determinado de la interpretación del contrato).
El asunto versaba sobre el Sr. Brogsitter, quien comercializa relojes de lujo y que en 2005 celebró un contrato el maestro relojero suizo, el Sr. Fräßdorf (residente en Francia) y por el que el segundo suministraría la primero mecanismos de relojería, en exclusiva, a través de la mercantil Fabrication de Montres Normandes EURL (de la que es el socio único). Además de estos menesteres, el Sr. Fräßdorf también se dedicaba a realizar otros productos de relojería (como cajas y esferas) que presentaba en ferias internacionales y vendía a terceros. El Sr. Brogsitter acusa al maestro relojero de actuar deslealmente por trabajar para otros cuando se había comprometido en exclusiva con éste, a lo que se opone el Sr. Fräßdorf por considerar que se trata de diferentes productos a los que no afecta la presunta exclusividad. En esta tesitura, Brogsitter interpone una demanda en Alemania por competencia desleal en la que solicita el cese de las actividades del demandado y una indemnización por daños y perjuicios derivados de la responsabilidad extracontractual. Los demandados reconvienen, alegando, entre otras, falta de competencia judicial internacional toda vez que en base al art. 5.1 Reglamento 44/2001 («RBI) sólo son competentes los tribunales franceses por ser el lugar en el que haya cumplido o deba cumplirse la obligación que sirva de base a la demanda.
En primera instancia el Landgericht Krefeld se declaró incompetente en virtud de lo anterior. En apelación, el Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf que ello no era correcto y que el tribunal de instancia debió haberse declarado competente en virtud del art. 5.3 RBI (7.2 RBI bis), únicamente sobre las pretensiones en materia extracontractual (será competente el tribunal del lugar donde se hubiere producido o pudiere producirse el hecho dañoso). Devuelto el caso al Landgericht Krefeld, este plantea una cuestión prejudicial que, en esencia, solicita conocer si las acciones de responsabilidad civil de carácter extracontractual deben considerarse comprendidas en el concepto de «materia contractual» del art. 5.1 RBI.
El TJUE recoge la necesidad de interpretar de manera autónoma los conceptos de «materia contractual» y «materia extracontractual» del RBI y apreciados por el tribunal conforme a dicha norma europea sin que entre en juego el Derecho nacional (§18 y 21). Ello sabido, la materia delictual o cuasidelictua «comprende toda pretensión con la que se exija la responsabilidad de un demandado y que no esté relacionada con la «materia contractual», en el sentido del artículo 5, punto 1, letra a)» del RBI. (§20).
Pues bien, pese a que las partes estén vinculadas por un contrato, ello no es suficiente para determinar que las acciones legales de una contra la otra se correspondan con la materia contractual (§23). Solo estaríamos en tal caso si el comportamiento recriminado trata versa sobre un incumplimiento de las obligaciones contractuales o si la interpretación del contrato resulta imprescindible la licitud o ilicitud del comportamiento reprendido, lo que corresponde al órgano judicial nacional (§23-24).
En el asunto que nos ocupa, dado que las acciones entabladas por el demandante pretenden que se le resarza en base a una inobservancia de los derechos y obligaciones del contrato que vincula a las partes (siendo imprescindible tener el cuenta el contrato), es decir, cumpliéndose todo lo anterior y estando en materia contractual (lo que corresponde aprecia al tribunal remitente), el tribunal competente será aquél del lugar donde deban entregarse las mercaderías o prestarse los servicios (ex art. 5.1.b) I y II). Sólo puede aplicarse el criterio del art. 5.1.a RBI (lugar en el que hubiere sido o debiere ser cumplida la obligación que sirviere de base a la demanda) cuando no concurran las circunstancias del art. 5.1.b). (§26-28).
Fuente: ADSLnet
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