El Tribunal Supremo de los EE.U. («US SC» por sus siglas en inglés) ha fallado en contra de la posibilidad de que el Congreso de los Estados Unidos puedan emitir una norma que elimine la inmunidad soberana de los Estados Unidos de América en aquellos casos en lo que está en juego una infracción de derechos de autor (US SC Allen v. Cooper, Governor of North Carolina, Num. 18-877, March 23rd, 2020) (589 US 2020).
En 1996 se descubrió un pecio hundido en la costa del Estado de Carolina del Norte que conforme a numerosas normas federales y estatales pertenecía a dicho Estado. En su día, este navío, denominado Queen Anne’s Revenge surcó los mares en 1717 a las órdenes de Edward Teach («Barbanegra») y se hundió en 1718. El Estado de Carolina del Norte contrató una compañía «cazatesoros» (Intersal, Inc.) para las tareas de recuperación. Intersal contrató al Sr. Frederick Allen para que documentara las operaciones de recuperación en video y foto. Tarea que acometió durante una década y registró los derechos de autor de tales obras. El Estado de Carolina del Norte publicó ciertas fotos y videos sin autorización del Sr. Allen
El Sr. Allen requirió al Estado alegando infracción de sus derechos de autor, a lo que Carolina del Norte respondió con una propuesta de acuerdo extrajudicial por valor de USD 15,000 a cambio de renuncia a toda acción legal. Los problemas no terminaron aquí porque el Estado de Carolina del Norte envío en una newsletter varios videos y fotos del Sr. Allen declinando haber cometido ninguna infracción de propiedad intelectual. El Sr. Allen presentó una demanda ante el Tribunal Federal del Distrito alegando infracción de derechos de autor. El Estado de Carolina del Norte se opuso en base a inmunidad soberana.
La inmunidad de los Estados que alega Carolina del Norte implica que los tribunales federales no puede conocer de demandas interpuestas por particulares contra Estados que no lo han consentido. El Sr. Allen contrapone que existe una excepción a esta regla porque el Congreso (de EE.UU.) ha derogado esta inmunidad en casos de derecho de autor como el presente, en virtud de la Copyright Remedy Clarification Act de 1990 («CRCA»), lo que conlleva que el Estado pueda ser responsable y condenado a indemnizar.
El Tribunal Federal de Distrito falló a favor de Allen. La ratio decidendi consistió en que, si bien en el asunto Florida Prepaid se estableció que el Congreso no podía emplear los poderes que el art. I de la CRCA le concedía poder para eliminar la inmunidad soberana de un Estado, tal resolución «dejaba una alternativa hacia la derogación» (de la inmunidad). En aquellos caso de infracción de derechos de autor abusiva, el Congreso puede derogar tal inmunidad por la via de la Sección 5ª de la Decimocuarta Enmienda de la Constitución de EE.UU.
En apelación, el Tribunal de Apelaciones del Cuarto Circuito revertió la sentencia del tribunal a quo entendiendo que el asunto Florida Prepaid precisamente impedía recurrir a la Sección 5ª. Y ello porque «una derogación conforme a la Sección 5ª requiere que sea ‘congruente y proporcionada’ con el perjuicio a la Decimocuarta Enmienda que pretende remediar». En Florida Prepaid precisamente se aplicó este principio (en materia de patentes) para determinar que el Congreso no estaba capacitado para derogar la inmunidad estatal conforme a la Patent Remedy Act («PRA»). El tribunal de apelación no veía diferencia alguna entre la CRCA y la PRA, por lo que la solución debía ser la idéntica.
La Corte Suprema, tras recordar que la propiedad intelectual en Derecho americano engloba por igual tanto la propiedad industrial (patentes, etc.) como la intelectual (derechos de autor), se mantiene en su decisión tomada en Florida Prepaid al respecto (stare decisis) y sostiene que «el Congreso no puede emplear las facultades del artículo I sobre las patentes para derogar la inmunidad de los Estados» (pág.,9). Si los argumentos del Sr. Allen fueran ciertos, también debería aplicarse este poder para el caso de las patentes y la vinculación con la sentencia precedente (stare decisis) lo impide (pág., 12).
Para que la decisión o medida del Congreso sea conforme con la Sección 5ª de la Decimocuarta enmienda ésta debe ser congruente y proporcionada en relación con la infracción que pretende prevenir o remediar, lo que no se cumple en el presente caso. Es más, la facultad del Congreso de derogar la inmunidad del Estado en cuestiones de propiedad intelectual (de conformidad con el art. I CRCA) es desproporcionada (entre otras cuestiones porque no ha quedado probado, al igual que en Florida Prepaid, que se haya producido una vulneración de derechos constitucionales-la propiedad-por el Estado de Carolina del Norte). En este sentido, concluye que, siguiendo Florida Prepaid, la CRCA no supera el test de proporcionalidad y congruencia.
Todo esto, no impide que el Congreso apruebe, en el futuro, una norma sobre derechos de autor válida que permita la derogación de la inmunidad de los Estados.
Por Miguel Ortego, socio de MediaLAW Tech & Legal.
Imagen: ElRetohistórico
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