La Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos de América («US SC») aclara el concepto de «residencia habitual» de un menor en una sustracción internacional entendiendo que para apreciar la residencia habitual hay que valorar «todas las circunstancias específicas del caso concreto y no requisitos categóricos con existencia de un eventual acuerdo ente los padres sobre este extremo».
El Convenio sobre los aspectos civiles de la sustracción internacional de menores, hecho en La Haya el 25 de octubre de 1980 («CASIM») se implementó en la normativa de EE.UU. mediante la International Child Abduction Remedies Act, U.S.C. § 9001 y ss. en donde el criterio aplicable consiste en que un menor ilícitamente trasladado de su país de residencia habitual, generalmente, debe ser devuelto a dicho país.
En este contexto se suscita el asunto Mokasky c. Taglieri. El primero, una ciudadana estadounidense, el segundo, nacional italiano. Casados en territorio norteamericano y con una hija común de 2 años, vivieron en Italia hasta que, dos meses después del nacimiento, la Sra. Monasky viajó con su hijo a Ohio (EE.UU.) sin consentimiento del padre. El Sr. Taglieri interpuso una demanda ante el Tribunal de Distrito del Norte de Ohio solicitando la restitución del menor a Italia en virtud de la CASIM y las normas americanas (22 U.S.C., §9003(b)). El argumento para ello consistía en que el menor había sido sustraído ilícitamente del lugar de su residencia habitual. El Tribunal de Distrito estimó la demanda del Sr. Taglieri y falló que «el interés común de los padres fue que su hija viviera en Italia». La menor retornó al país transalpino.
La Sra. Monasky apeló y el Tribunal del Sexto Circuito desestimó la apelación puesto que no encontró error alguno en la sentencia del tribunal a quo. En su resolución sostuvo que «la residencia habitual de un menor depende de la intención común de los progenitores». Monasky sostenía que Italia no podía ser el lugar de la residencia habitual de la menor en el sentido de «la intención común de los progenitores» como había fallado el Tribunal de Distrito de Ohio, puesto que en el caso presente no existía tal acuerdo entre los padres.
La US SC entiende que aunque el CASIM no defina en concreto el concepto de «residencia habitual», si puede extraerse de la misma que este lugar se corresponde con aquél donde el menor «esté en casa». En cualquier caso, la clave, en su opinión, es concretar el lugar de residencia habitual caso por caso teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias específicas de cada situación.
Sostiene que los argumentos de la Sra. Monasky no son convincentes. En particular, destaca que imponer el requisito de un eventual acuerdo entre las partes para determinar el lugar de residencia habitual no es una solución apropiada, no sólo porque dejaría muchos menores fuera del ámbito de aplicación de la CASIM, sino porque en un problema tal grave como el que concurre en este asunto ( al parecer existía violencia doméstica) la protección del menor es esencial. En este sentido, la propia convención tiene un mecanismo para este tipo de situaciones que resuelve este asunto allá de los argumentos de la Sra. Monasky: el art. 13.b).
La US SC concluye que, a la luz de lo expuesto, las instancias inferiores han incurrido en un evidente error de apreciación del concepto «residencia habitual» y que, dado en cariz del asunto, no corresponde remitirlo al tribunal a quo para su revisión, sino que directamente casa la sentencia.
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