La Cour de Cassation («CC») francesa reconoce (Arrêt n°648 du 4 octobre 2019 (10- 19.053) -Cour de cassation – Assemblée plénière) la posibilidad de que se establezca la filiación de padre biológico y madre «de elección» mediante la inscripción en el Registro Civil del documento extranjero que lo acredita aunque cuando se trate de un negocio jurídico contrario al Derecho francés. .
El asunto trataba de dos nacionales franceses que tuvieron un hijo en San Diego (California) a través del sistema conocido como «maternidad subrogada», con genes biológicos de él y gametos femeninos de una tercera. Se firmó el correspondiente acuerdo para plasmar el negocio jurídico. La inscripción de los documentos de nacimiento americanos en Francia fue anulada por resolución del Tribunal de la Grande Instance en 2003. En apelación el Fiscal vio como se inadmitía su acción y la sentencia que resultó en esta instancia, finalmente fue casada en 2008 por la CC.
Una nueva sentencia en 2010 por la Corte de Apelación de París en 2010–causada por la nueva jurisprudencia de la CC de 2008– anuló la transcripción en el registro civil de Nantes. Los padres llevaron el asunto a la CC donde lo perdieron.
Así las cosas, el Tribunal Europeo de los Derechos Humanos estimó (en su sentencia de 26 de junio de 2014) que se trataba de una violación del art. 8 del Convenio Europeo de los Derechos Humanos («CEDH») por una falta de respeto a su vida privada y les concedió la correspondiente indemnización.
La CC se remite a lo dictaminado por el TEDH, que entiende que «siempre que se cuestione la situación de un niño, debe prevalecer el interés superior del niño (apartado 38). Sin embargo, la falta de reconocimiento del vínculo de parentesco entre un niño nacido de subrogación realizado en el extranjero y la futura madre tiene consecuencias negativas en varios aspectos del derecho del niño a respetar la vida. privado (apartado 40). En vista de estos elementos y el hecho de que el interés superior del niño también incluye la identificación, por ley, de las personas responsables de criarlo, satisfacer sus necesidades y garantizar su bienestar, así como la posibilidad de vivir y evolucionar en un entorno estable, el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos considera que la imposibilidad general y absoluta de obtener el reconocimiento del vínculo entre un niño nacido de gestación por otro practicado en el extranjero y la futura madre no puede conciliarse con el interés superior del niño, lo que requiere al menos un examen de cada situación a la luz de las circunstancias particulares que la caracterizan (apartado 42)»
Sin embargo, como pone de manifiesto (apartado III.5), si bien el derecho a la vida privada del art. 8 CEDH requiere que el Derecho interno ofrezca una posibilidad de reconocimiento de vínculo de filiación entre el niño y la madre elegida en el momento del nacimiento (que deviene la madre legal), este artículo no exige que para que tal reconocimiento tenga lugar, se deba hacer mediante la transcripción de los registros de estado civil del país de nacimiento.
El nacimiento de un niño en el extranjero conforme a un procedimiento prohibido por el Derecho francés (arts. 16-7 y 16-9 del Código Civil francés) no puede por sí sólo ser un obstáculo a la inscripción del acto de nacimiento de un país extranjero ni al reconocimiento del vínculo de filiación de la madre de elección. En este sentido, existiendo un acuerdo de gestación subrogada reconocido por un tribunal extranjero, la actuación de la Corte de Apelación no es conforme a Derecho.
Pues bien, la CC estima que de la opinión emitida por el TEDH se desprende que, en lo que respecta a la madre de elección, los Estados partes no están obligados a optar por la inscripción de certificados de nacimiento legalmente establecidos en extranjero (apartado 50). De hecho, no hay consenso europeo sobre este tema. Las posibilidades de establecer o reconocer el vínculo entre el niño y el padre deseado varían de estado a estado.
El reconocimiento del vínculo entre un niño nacido de subrogación realizado en el extranjero y la futura madre no puede conciliarse con el interés superior del niño, lo que requiere al menos un examen de cada situación situación particular. En vista de las circunstancias concretas del caso, estas condiciones deben apreciarse por el juez. Según la ley francesa (artículo 310-1 del C.c.), la filiación se establece legalmente por efecto de la ley, por reconocimiento voluntario o por la posesión de un estado establecido por un acto de notoriedad. Además, la paternidad también puede establecerse, bajo las condiciones del Título VIII del Código Civil, por adopción, ya sea completa o simple.
En estas circunstancias, la CC concluye que, si bien la legislación francés prohíbe los convenios relativos a la procreación o gestación subrogada (son nulos), teniendo en cuenta el interés superior del menor, es procedente emplear «privilegiar» cualquier método que permita el juez controlar paternidad y, por extensión, la validez del acto o juicio de estado civil extranjero en el caso particular.
Como quiera que los reclamantes sostienen que puede equipararse en Derecho interno a la «posesión de estado», que el acto en EE.UU. es plenamente válido y que por la vía de la posesión de estado se podría reconocer tal vínculo de tal forma que no se pongan en una situación frágil al menor; no habiendo otro modo en Derecho (desde hace más de quince años) para reconocer la filiación en condiciones que de no producirse supondrían un grave atentado para el art. 8 del CEDH, la CC termina por validar el registro mediante transcripción en Nantes.
Imagen: Público.
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