El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea («TJUE») ha resuelto en el asunto Atresmedia c. AGEDI y AIE (C-147/19) que los usuarios de un fonograma que ha sido «sincronizado» en una grabación audiovisual (obra) que luego se comunica públicamente no han de pagar la remuneración equitativa y única a los artistas, intérpretes y ejecutantes (108.4 TRLPI) y productores de fonogramas (art. 116.2 TRLPI).
El litigio se suscitó en el marco del uso por parte de la compañía de medios de comunicación Atresmedia Corporación de Medios de Comunicación, S.A. de fonogramas que incorporaba a obras audiovisuales que posteriormente se comunicaban públicamente en sus canales. Tal incorporación en las grabaciones audiovisuales se sustentaba en un contrato y la conveniente contraprestación entre las partes.
Sin embargo, dos entidades de gestión españolas (AGEDI y AIE) entendían que tales hechos se correspondían con una comunicación al público del fonograma con fines comerciales y que, por tanto, estaba sujeta a la remuneración equitativa correspondiente recogida en la normativa española (con origen, fundamentalmente, en el art. 8.2 de la Directiva 2006/115/CE sobre derechos de alquiler y préstamo y otros derechos afines a los derechos de autor en el ámbito de la propiedad intelectual). Razón por la que demandaron a Atresmedia exigiendo el pago de cantidad correspondiente a la remuneración por el periodo de tiempo que va desde 1 de junio de 2003 y hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2009.
En primera instancia la demanda fue desestimada y en apelación se anuló la sentencia del tribunal a quo con estimación plena. Recurrida en casación por Atresmedia ante el Tribunal Supremo, éste planteó una cuestión prejudicial ante el TJUE que permite a éste asentar tanto el concepto de «fonograma» a nivel europeo así como su naturaleza jurídica una vez incorporado legalmente a una obra audiovisual.
La primera, que pese a que no exista un concepto de fonograma en el marco armonizado europeo ni se remita a los ordenamientos nacionales para ello, es perfectamente posible acotarlo en virtud de la doctrina de los conceptos autónomos (§32-33), apoyándose en el art. 3.b) de la Convención de Roma de 1961 (de la que curiosamente no es parte la Unión Europea-«UE»-) y el art. 2.b) del Tratado OMPI sobre Interpretaciones o Ejecuciones y Fonogramas («TF»). De tales definiciones, se deduce que no puede incluirse en este concepto una fijación de imágenes y sonidos ,ya que esta fijación no puede calificarse de ‘exclusivamente sonora'» y que para que pueda ser considerado fonograma no puede fijarse incluyéndolo en una obra cinematográfica o audiovisual (§36-40)
No obstante, ello no implica que al incorporarse el fonograma a la obra audiovisual pierda su condición de tal, por lo que sus derechos se ven intactos para el caso en el que el fonograma se utilice con independencia de la obra en cuestión. Todo ello sujeto a que esta situación tenga lugar en el marco de un contrato adecuado, atendidos debidamente los derechos de los artistas, intérpretes o ejecutantes y productores de fonogramas (como es el caso de autos). De romperse la unicidad y explotarse el fonograma de manera independiente de la obra audiovisual, volvería a ser considerado fonograma a todos los efectos, remuneratorio incluido (§44-46).
Pues bien, a la luz de los hechos del caso, en los que el fonograma-contrato mediante-se incorporaba a obras audiovisuales de Atresmedia que luego se comunicaban al público, tal grabación sonora no puede considerarse «fonograma» a los efectos del marco armonizado europeo (y, por tanto español) y, consecuencia de lo anterior, no da lugar a la remuneración equitativa en favor de los «autores conexos» (§44-47) del art. 8.2 de la Directiva 2006/115/CE (transpuesta en los artículos 108.4 y 116.2 del TRLPI). Como tampoco ha lugar a reclamar un derecho de reproducción de tales fonogramas (§48-53).
Fuente: Panorama Audiovisual
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