El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea («TJUE») considera (asunto SABAM, C-372/19) que una entidad de gestión de derechos de autor (obras musicales), privada (con ánimo de lucro) y con una posición e monopolio en un Estado miembro no conculca el art. 102 TFUE (abuso de posición de dominio) por el hecho de imponer a los organizadores de eventos musicales que realizan actos de comunicación al público de tales obras un baremo basado, entre otros, en el volumen de negocios de dichos usuarios.
SABAM es la entidad de gestión de derechos de autor única en Bélgica, cuya naturaleza jurídica es privada y que disfruta de una situación de monopolio en dicho país respecto de la recaudación en concepto de remuneración equitativa por la reproducción y/o comunicación al público de obras musicales. Las compañías «Wareone.World» y «Wecandance» son dos entidades privadas cuyo objeto social es la organización de festivales de música en los que se explotan obras musicales cuya gestión colectiva tiene encomendada SABAM. La organización de festivales durante el periodo que va de 2005 a 2013 llevó a reclamarles en concepto de remuneración equitativa ciertas cantidades basadas en la aplicación de la denominada «tarifa 211».
Dicha tarifa 211 cuenta con dos baremos para el cálculo de la remuneración: el primero consiste en una tarifa mínima calculada en función de la superficie sonorizada o el número de asientos disponibles del evento. El segundo, en una «tarifa base» calculada en función de un porcentaje del tramo (ocho) sobre los ingresos brutos obtenidos por la venta de entradas (impuestos y gastos-algunos-descontados). Es SABAM quien decide a su libre albedrío cuál de ellos aplica (en este caso empleó el segundo criterio). La entidad demandó a las organizadoras reclamando las cantidades que entendía procedentes a resultas de lo anterior. «Wareone.World» y «Wecandance» se opusieron alegando, en síntesis, (i) falta de proporcionalidad entre la tarifa y el valor de los servicios prestados por la entidad, vulnerando el art. 102 TFUE, toda vez que a mayor precio de la entrada, mayor será la tarifa (por ejemplo si se repercuten costes de organización en el precio de la entrada) con independencia del servicio prestado por SABAM); (ii) falta de precisión de las reglas establecidas para determinar la tarifa; (iii) el hecho de que se calcule la tarifa sobre los ingresos brutos sin permitirles deducir todos los gastos autorizados para la organización de eventos como esos.
Ante esta situación, el Tribunal de Empresas de Ambares (ondernemingsrechtbank Antwerpen) plantea una cuestión prejudicial al TJUE en la que, en esencia, desea conocer qué precisión debe alcanzar una tarifa como la citada, teniendo en cuenta la posición de dominio de SABAM, para que no se pueda considerar tal proceder una posición de dominio; en el marco del art. 102 TFUE y 16 de la Directiva 2014/26 (§18). Pues bien, el TJUE, tras matizar que el art. 16 de la Directiva 2014/26 no ha lugar (§21), toda vez que nada tiene que ver con el objeto de la cuestión-la posición de dominio-, sostiene que «el baremo de remuneraciones de una sociedad de gestión colectiva basado en un porcentaje de los ingresos obtenidos por un evento musical debe considerarse una explotación normal de los derechos de autor que presenta, en principio, una relación razonable con el valor económico de la prestación realizada por dicha sociedad, es extrapolable a un baremo de remuneraciones como el controvertido en los litigios principales, calculado sobre la base de los ingresos brutos obtenidos por la venta de las entradas de un festival, de modo que la imposición, por una sociedad de gestión colectiva, de ese baremo no constituye, en sí misma, un abuso en el sentido del artículo 102 TFUE» (§39).
En esta línea, afirma que «no cabe excluir, como alegaron Weareone.World y Wecandance, que tales inversiones puedan repercutir en el precio exigible por la entrada y, por tanto, en la remuneración que SABAM pueda legítimamente reclamar» (§42 in fine), siempre que se tengan en cuenta todas las circunstancias pertinentes para su cálculo (§44 in fine y 46). Sabido además que, es muy difícil determinar objetivamente todos los factores relevantes para el cálculo de la remuneración por el uso de obras (§45).
De esta manera, el TJUE concluye que «la imposición, por una sociedad de gestión colectiva, de un baremo en el que las remuneraciones adeudadas por los derechos de autor se calculan en función de una tarifa basada en los ingresos brutos obtenidos por la venta de entradas, sin que se puedan deducir de esos ingresos todos los gastos correspondientes a la organización de tales eventos, no constituye, en sí misma, un abuso en el sentido del artículo 102 TFUE» (§ 47). Ahora bien, sería contrario al 102 TFUE si dicho baremo «no guarda una relación razonable con el valor económico de la prestación, lo que corresponde determinar al juez nacional» (§48).
Por último, la tarifa también implicaría un abuso de posición de dominio si existe «un método alternativo que permita identificar y cuantificar de forma más precisa la utilización de esas obras y cuando mediante dicho método pueda lograrse el mismo objetivo legítimo, que es la protección de los intereses de los autores, de los compositores y de los editores de música, sin que por ello aumenten desproporcionadamente los gastos a que da lugar la gestión de los contratos y el control de la utilización de las obras musicales protegidas por derechos de propiedad intelectual» (§52). Esta comprobación corresponde al juez nacional, si bien el Tribunal apunta que parece concurrir en el presente caso (§56 y ss.).
Fuente: Valonia Bélgica Turismo
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