Hoy, 28 de abril de 2020, entra en vigor el Tratado de Beijing sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Audiovisuales («BTAP» por sus siglas en inglés)que amplia los derechos patrimoniales y morales de los actores y actrices y de los artistas intérpretes o ejecutantes, sobre las interpretaciones y ejecuciones audiovisuales (incluidas las películas, los vídeos y los programas de televisión). Todo estado miembro de la OMPI puede ser parte del tratado.
El BTAP fue adoptado en la ciudad de Beijing el 24 de junio de 2012 (tras la conferencia diplomática celebrada en esa ciudad los días 20 a 26 de junio) , y entró en vigor respecto de sus 30 partes contratantes el 28 de abril de 2020 (tras haber superado el pasado 28 de enero las treinta ratificaciones que requiere el art. 26 para ello). La lista de Partes Contratantes en la actualidad asciende a treinta y una. España, que lo firmó el 26 de junio de 2012, está pendiente de ratificarlo.
El ámbito de aplicación material del BTAP (art. 3) es amplio: se aplica a los interpretes y ejecutantes («IyE») de las Partes Contratantes así como a aquellos IyE que no siendo nacionales de tales partes residan habitualmente en una de ellas-quedan asimilados a ellas-. También se recoge el clásico principio de Derecho Internacional de «Trato Nacional» (art. 4). En lo que concierte al ámbito de aplicación temporal, obviamente se aplica desde su entrada en vigor y, retroactivamente, también a aquellas interpretaciones y ejecuciones fijadas que existiesen en el momento de su entrada en vigor, salvo que se pida una excepción formal-solo sobre los derechos patrimoniales-dirigida al Director de la OMPI (art. 19). Todo ello sin perjuicio de las disposiciones transitorias que quieran establecer las Partes Contratantes.
El BTAP consagra para los IyE cuatro tipo de derechos patrimoniales (arts. 7 a sobre sus obras: (i) reproducción (art. 7); (ii) distribución (art. 8); (iii) alquiler (art. 9); y (iv) puesta a disposición (art. 10). También se amplían los derecho morales y así se les reconoce (art. 5) el (i) derecho a la paternidad de su obra (excepto cuando la omisión venga dictada por la manera de utilizar la interpretación o ejecución); (ii) a la integridad de la obra oponiéndose a sus modificaciones o «mutilaciones». La duración de los derechos morales será la misma que la de los patrimoniales, como mínimo (salvo que la legislación nacional del país en cuestión no permita la pervivencia de derechos de autor tras la muerte). En todo caso, la protección que se conceda a los IyE en cada Estado parte no puede ser inferior a cincuenta años (art. 14).
Especial interés tienen los derechos de radiodifusión y comunicación al público (art. 11) que permiten a los IyE autorizar ambas acciones respecto de sus obras fijadas audiovisualmente. Ahora bien, el propio BTAP (art. 11.2) permite articular este derecho mediante una remuneración equitativa por el uso (las condiciones de ésta se dejan al desarrollo de la legislación nacional).
Respecto de las interpretaciones o ejecuciones no fijadas en vivo (art. 6) los IyE disfrutarán de tres derechos patrimoniales, a saber: (i) el derecho de radiodifusión, (excepto en el caso de retransmisión); ii) el derecho de comunicación al público (excepto cuando la interpretación o ejecución constituya una interpretación o ejecución radiodifundida); y iii) el derecho de fijación.
El BTAP respeta la presunción iuris tantum de cesión de derechos al productor audiovisual, típica en las legislaciones europeas en este campo, salvo que las partes pacten lo contrario en el contrato, pudiendo el IyE exigir que conste por escrito (art. 12.1 y 2). Esta presunción de cesión podrá articularse mediante mediante una remuneración equitativa o una regalía en favor del IyE (art. 12.3). También preserva (art. 13)los límites a los derechos de autor (en nuestra legislación arts. 31 y ss. del TRLPI).
Por último, propugna, de manera superficial, la lucha contra la piratería y el impedimento de la elusión de medidas tecnologías protectoras para proteger los derechos y obra de los IyE (arts. 15 y 16).
La principal entidad de gestión en nuestro país de los artistas interpretes y ejecutantes, Artistas Intérpretes, Entidad de Gestión de Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual («AISGE«) se ha felicitado por ello y ha expresado lo importante que supone este hito en la historia de la propiedad intelectual.
En este vídeo para AISGE, Javier Bardem explica la importancia del BTAP para los profesionales de la industria audiovisual.
Imagen: WIPO
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