El Tribunal Supremo («TS») ha rechazado la medica cautelar urgente del art. 135 de la Ley 29/1998, de 13 de julio, reguladora de la Jurisdicción Contencioso-administrativa («LJCA«) en el recurso de de los facultativos contra la Orden del Ministerio de Sanidad por la que se prorrogan todas las evaluaciones anuales y la evaluación final de todos los residentes médicos a causa del COVID-19 (Orden SND/319/2020, de 1 de abril).
Mediante Auto del TS (Sala Tercera, Sección 4ª), de fecha 16 de abril de 2020 (RJ ATS 2445/2020 ECLI:ES:TS:2020:2445A), la Sala deniega la medida cautelarísima solicitada en la que se exigía a la Administración Sanitaria la realización de las evaluaciones en plazo, de tal forma que los Médicos Internos Residentes (MIR) de último año de formación pudieran acceder a la especialidad en su condición de adjunto y no continuasen como personal «en formación».
El asunto trae origen en el recurso contencioso-administrativo que la Confederación Estatal de Sindicatos Médicos (CESM) interpuso contra la Orden SND/319/2020, de 1 de abril, en particular contra su artículo primero. En éste se solicitaba, de manera urgente, «proceder a la evaluación del personal residente de último año y consiguiente obtención del título profesional habilitante que, a su vez, permita al colectivo el acceso a las funciones y cargos públicos en condiciones de igualdad incorporándose a plazas de médico especialista en los diferentes centros del Sistema Nacional de Salud, a fin de que se requiera al MINISTERIO DE SANIDAD, deje sin efecto el Apartado Primero, Uno de la Orden SND/319/2020, de 1 de abril». Esta medida se solicita por el trámite del art. 135 de la LJCA (la «cautelarísima»).
El su Auto, el TS explica que la medida cautelar consiste en un bloque de medidas cautelares sucesivas, consecuencia unas de otras, puesto que no se puede acceder a un plaza de médico especialista en el sistema nacional de salud sin las correspondientes evaluaciones y expediciones de títulos. Además, la medida solicitada parece afectar sólo al personal de último año de residencia (toda vez que sólo éstos podrían participar en la evaluación final y acceder a la plaza de adjunto). Sin embargo, al solicitarse también que quede sin efecto el art. 1 de la Orden SND/319/2020, de 1 de abril se extiende el ámbito de la medida cautelar urgente a todos los médicos residentes, sean de último año o no.
El Alto Tribunal recuerda que para que proceda la cautelarísima, además de los presupuestos generales del art. 130 LJCA (que la ejecución del acto o la aplicación de la disposición pudieran hacer perder su finalidad legítima al recurso) tiene que concurrir la urgencia, presupuesto habilitante de la medida del art. 135 (FDº 3º).
Pues bien, el TS, tras aclarar que no le corresponde en este trámite procesal enjuiciar si la Orden que se impugna ha incurrido en las infracciones normativas relativas a la lesión de la Ley 44/2003, de 21 de noviembre de ordenación de profesiones sanitarias (como aduce la CESM), dictamina que no concurre la especial urgencia necesaria para adoptar una medida como la solicitada. Y ello porque el principal argumento de la parte recurrente propugna que es una «imperiosa necesidad» (refiriéndose a la situación de urgencia actual por el COVID-19) que los MIR de último año pasen de ser personal en formación y supervisado a prestar sus servicios con mayor autonomía y sin necesidad de supervisión, como médicos especialistas; es necesario contar con un número de profesionales dotados de tal autonomía (FDº 4º).
La ratio decidendi para denegar la medida cautelar urgente se basa en que el Tribunal no aprecia que concurra una especial urgencia en que la labor asistencia del MIR de último año se realice como personal especialista no en formación. Entiende la legítima aspiración de éstos en acceder cuanto antes a las plazas de médicos especialistas pero esta reivindicación no es objeto de la medida cautelar solicitada. En este sentido, afirma que la capacitación, competencia y profesionalidad de los médicos residentes que se encuentran terminando su periodo de formación especializada es tal que nada cambia a los efectos de la prestación de atención sanitaria que lo hagan como MIR o como especialistas (FDº 4º). Por último, como quiera que la cautelarísima también engloba la adjudicación de plazas de especialista, sin especificar cómo se haría esta evaluación final, dadas las circunstancias especialmente excepcionales, ello no puede adoptarse mediante una medida como la del 135 LJCA.
En conclusión, deniega la medida cautelar urgente, y abre una pieza separada para valorar si puede adoptarse la medid cautelar solicitada, no como urgente sino como mera cautelar del art. 129 y ss. LJCA, con el pertinente trámite de diez más cinco días y contradicción entre las partes. Ahora bien, en su Auto, el TS ya apunta (FDº 4º in fine) que el cumplimiento de la sentencia que en el futuro se pronuncie no requiere, en el momento presente, de medida cautelar que la asegure.
La cautelarísima: art. 135 LJCA
La cautelarísima o medida cautelar urgente está regulada en el art. 135 LJCA. Consiste en la posibilidad del juez o tribunal de, sin oír a la parte contraria (inaudita parte), adoptar una medida cautelar en el plazo de dos días.
Se adopta mediante auto y en éste se puede resolver que: (1) aprecia las circunstancias de excepcional urgencia y en tal caso adopta o deniega la medida cautelar solicitada (en la resolución que emita dará audiencia a la parte contraria par que en el plazo de tres días alegue lo que estime oportuno); o (2) no apreciar las circunstancias urgentes y remitir el proceso cautelar a una pieza separada conforme al art. 131 (celebrándose la audiencia pertinente con las partes presentes).
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