El Tribunal Supremo («TS») acaba de fallar a favor de un paciente que criticó a un facultativo médico a través de varios medios de comunicación en relación a un tratamiento que estaba recibiendo por parte de éste. Entiende el TS que las críticas vertidas públicamente no atentan contra el prestigio profesional del médico por lo que el derecho fundamental a la libertad de expresión del ciudadano prevalece sobre el derecho fundamental a honor y reputación del facultativo.
En su STS (Sala 1ª) número 51/2020, de 22 de enero de 2020 (RC 5934/2018), el Alto Tribunal desestima el recurso de casación interpuesto por el facultativo contra la SAP (sección 11ª) de Barcelona 602/2018, de 24 de octubre de 2018 (RA 150/2018) y por la que se fallaba en favor de la paciente, al igual que ocurrió en primera instancia. En suma, los tribunales inferiores entendieron que las críticas de la paciente eran parte de su derecho fundamental a la libertad de expresión que ampara lo que consideraba «una opinión crítica» del paciente hacia el médico.
En casación el TS se ha limitado a desestimar el recurso por falta de concurrencia de los motivos alegados de parte, esto es, (i) la infracción procesal por vulneración el art. 218 LEC al no haberse pronunciado la Audiencia sobre la falsedad de las manifestaciones públicas de la paciente y por vulneración del art. 209.3 LEC por falta de razonamiento y fundamento del fallo. Además, la sala deniega la prueba propuesta en este recurso; (ii) la infracción del art. 24 CE (tutela judicial efectiva) por no permitir al médico usar todos los medios de prueba para su defensa (se inadmitieron pruebas propuesta por esta parte procesal en instancia y apelación); y (iii) la infracción del art. 335 LEC por vulneración procesal de la prueba pericia (a lo que el Tribunal responde recordando que procedía el recurso extraordinario de infracción procesal y no el de casación).
Por tanto, el TS se remita a lo resuelto en apelación en dónde, entre otros razonamientos, la SAP manifiesta que
«De la lectura de las expresiones que se han transcrito queda claro, que la Sra. María Milagros no se refirió a la parte actora de manera injuriosa o vejatoria. Tampoco consta que profiriese expresiones manifiestamente falsas, en la medida en que no ha quedado probado que la demandada llegase a decir de manera expresa que había sido diagnosticada del síndrome Arnold-Chiari».
A lo anterior, el propio TS añade:
El prestigio profesional se entiende incluido en el derecho al honor, si bien «no siempre el ataque al prestigio profesional se traduce en una trasgresión del honor. Según la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional (SSTC, entre otras, 40/1992, de 30 de marzo, 282/2000, de 27 de noviembre, 49/2001, de 6 de febrero, 9/2007, de 15 de enero) no son necesariamente lo mismo, desde la perspectiva de la protección constitucional, el honor de la persona y su prestigio profesional».
Según reiterada jurisprudencia de esa Sala, «el prestigio profesional, que es el que tiene toda persona cuando actúa dentro del área de su actividad laboral, artística, deportiva, científica o similar y que tiene repercusión en el ámbito social forma parte del marco externo de trascendencia en que se desenvuelve el honor, pero se exige, para que el ataque al mismo integre además una trasgresión del derecho fundamental, que revista un cierto grado de intensidad» (…) «El derecho al honor, según reiterada jurisprudencia, se encuentra limitado por las libertades de expresión e información».
Finalmente, tras repasar la doctrina bien asentada en la materia, concluye:
«La aplicación de la anterior doctrina determina que, conforme con el criterio del Ministerio Fiscal, proceda desestimar el recurso y confirmar la sentencia recurrida, pues en el caso debe prevalecer la libertad de expresión sobre el derecho al honor y, en consecuencia, no se aprecia la existencia de vulneración del derecho al honor.»
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